Which statement describes the interest rate effect?

• A. The effect on spending due to changes in asset prices.
• B. The effect on spending and investment due to changes in the purchasing power of money holdings when the aggregate price level changes.
• C. The central bank's policy of setting tax rates.
• D. The effect of technological progress on productivity.

Answer: (B)

The key idea is that changes in the overall price level alter the real value of money, which moves interest rates and then spending and investment. When prices rise, real money balances fall, so interest rates tend to rise and borrowing becomes more expensive, reducing both consumption financed by borrowing and investment. When prices fall, real money balances rise, interest rates decline, boosting spending and investment. The statement that captures this chain is: spending and investment are affected by changes in the purchasing power of money holdings when the aggregate price level changes. The other options describe different channels—asset prices affecting spending (wealth effect), fiscal policy actions like tax rates, or productivity advances from technology—not the interest-rate-driven connection between the price level, money, and spending.